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Clarification on a previous post

I received an email from Manuel Aneiros attentive, which was mentioned and his picture published a couple of post to discuss the magical mumbo jumbo do much damage to people and science. In it he explains that "The" Druid "and the group appearing in it are fictional characters, performances, people dressed for the occasion (such as wizards, witches, goblins, etc.'s Stories). They are a group of animation dedicated to representing skits and games in festivals, conferences, forums, weddings. At no time did we consider soothsayers, seers, wizards or things Porel style. represent only leisure activities related to topics demagia, legends, mythology, medieval times, etc. to entertain gentey encourage certain activities. "
Let my apologies to the group for having confused her with those who were not, although in my defense are the phrases that appeared, taken verbatim from articles by EFE and Europa Press, and really were those that led to the creation of the post.
I am delighted that the Galician Celtic group made out a permorfance fun to do real theater and street entertainment rather than magic. Let my congratulations to a group led to believe what journalists really was not.
However, once made the correction I sincerely believe that the bottom of the post is still intact, that the fraud, magic and the occult continues to attract a very large part of our society, in fact journalists thought they saw some of it was just as pure theater, said of his character and that they should expect a correction as that appears here.
Thanks for your kind appreciations Mr. Aneiros, hoping not to have damaged his personal and professional image. Believe that everything I write here is in pursuit of the truth, defense of reason and science.
A greeting.

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The "martyrs" of Science.

C on the release of Agora, Alejandro Amenábar's film based on the life and death of Hypatia, the Alexandrian astronomer fourth century we have already discussed in a previous post, some forums have circulated for some criticism of the view that the English director (or English-Chilean prefer) that the scientist's death occurs in the film. Amenábar in various interviews he has given to present his film speaks of Hypatia was the victim of bigotry (which is true in the highest degree because only the fans are capable of resorting to violence and murder to defend their ideas or dispel the others) and it seems that somehow has offended some sectors because the murderers of the sap of Alexandria were hordes of Christians allegedly instigated by Cyril, the bishop of the city. Whether the bishop were directly responsible for the crime or, as it seems that some authors argue, Hypatia was killed in crossfire of a political struggle between the Roman Empire and the nascent power of the Church no doubt that this admirable woman died their thinking than rational, to do and teach philosophy and science, regardless of ideology or religion they profess their murderers (ah, and the mere fact of being a woman also played a lot against him.) In that sense I align myself with the position of Amenábar, who claims not to attack Christianity, but to the bigots, are the sign they are, in this sense, the story picks up not only the fate of Hypatia but many more victims of a thought does not conform to political or religious charges tax in place and the times in which they lived.

Making a very quick count, I remember Anaxagoras, who in the V century BC (BC) was charged with wicked in Athens say that the sun was a fiery boulder, not a god, and the moon reflected merely the light of these statements led to his exile and had ended up in jail if not saved by Pericles, his student.

back in time and space, travel the twelfth century Muslim Spain with Maimonides , Jewish physician and philosopher from Cordoba who suffered exile, first in Al Andalus and then through northern Africa because of religious intolerance Almohad Empire. Maimonides, one of the greatest philosophers in history tried to reconcile faith and reason that it drew criticism from both Muslims and thinkers of their own fellow Jews.

In 1600 was burnt down Roman Inquisition astronomer and philosopher Giordano Bruno accused of heresy. Among his claims "heretical" was his cosideration of an infinite universe and the existence of many more than our own solar system. His trial was instructed by the same cardinal sixteen years later would lead one to the astronomer Galileo Galilei for defending the Copernican heliocentric system stating that the Earth and other planets revolve around the sun and attack Aristotle's geocentric system, according the Bible. Galileo would end his days under house arrest after retracting his ideas (or at least defending them.)

To complete this brief delay will travel back to twentieth century, namely the Soviet Union where he lived and botanical geneticist Nikolai Vavilov . Vavilov was sentenced in 1940 to prison, where he died three years later, to defend the principles of modern genetics in Soviet scientific circles of the time, dominated by his bitter enemy Trofim Lysenko who strongly supported the Stalinist regime defended between 30 and 60 years of evolutionary theory by stating that Lamarckism could modify plants environmentally modeándolas regardless of genetics. He declared war on genetics as "bourgeois science" that led to the elimination of all defenders of modern biological ideas. As we have seen attacks on science and scientists are not isolated events, affecting all ages and faiths and different policy options. Despite all scientific progress has not stopped and continues to fight many enemies, declared or not, even today.

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against the wiles, Science! (I)

Today I was amazed when a space monograph of the evening news about the votes that decide to host the 2016 Olympic games have appeared on screen a few visionaries making predictions about the possibility of Madrid has to be Olympic host. To see this in a serious news program, a national chain would be mixed with obviously serious and truthful news about the subject matter has made me consider two things: first that the news are not what they were in pursuit of winning audience and Second, I consider more serious, if this news deserve appear on prime time television is because there is a demand relating to these temas.Mi perplexity increased when the prestigious English news agency EFE echoes even today in some so here I show some fragments as illustration:

Madrid, Oct 1 (EFE) .- The druid (I guess) and writer Manuel said Aneiros Madrid today is "70-something percent" chance of becoming Olympic host in 2016, but just in case, has cast a spell and has made a fetish based laurel, wild and rude male fern, specifically selected in Galicia (...).

Accompanied by a bagpiper, a tambourine and a group of dancers, Celtic music band members "Turdión" topped the druid spell with a dance around a campfire and a ritual cleansing, in which involving several people.

As for the male fern, Aneiros said that "the spores become elves protect you the enemy and the rough is the best thing against envy. There is a bunch with this, it takes very hidden away negativity and open the path to wellness ".(...).

The agency Europa Press, also says adding the fact that

However, it seems that the news does not reach the Galician forests, place of origin of the druid, because to questions from reporters about whether he had already sent amulet the mayor of Madrid, the magician asked who was Alberto Ruiz-Gallardon. Once reported said I had not sent because they had not asked.
The ritual in support of Madrid's bid is part of the XXV International Occult Forum, opened today at the Príncipe Pío.

on the comments, in the XXI century agencies speak of Druids, spells, goblins ... and if talking about them is because a layer of the population is interested in them (and if you do not rub through tarot channels of television).

Anyway these frikadas (allow me the term) do not have to worry as much as other appearances in the media of activities that a patina of seriousness and even alleged scientific guarantees interest to sectors of society that they even have a university education.

Paradoxically, at least in the West, we live in a world increasingly desecularizado after a long process that began in the Age of Enlightenment and the further proliferation movements and beliefs based on reason or scientific method. Modern men and women, with great training, away from religious beliefs or practices given to movements that have nothing to do with reason, have changed the confessional by Bach flowers consulting a reputed tarotista. Addition these beliefs have found a great partner for internet distribution.

What to do about this?. The solution is simple: reasoning, common sense, and this is the basis of science.

With this post I want to preface a series from time to time be responsible for clarifying the deceptions and dark spots of many of these activities.

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LETTER TO TEENS CAN NOT

Dear people, I begin with this big word that many forget when we turn to you. You do not deserve the name of adolescents, because you lack anything, quite the contrary, you possess many things that adults have left to lose in his eagerness to be accepted by society. Maybe some of those trying to teach his teens failed to integrate in their adult life, so aim to think and decide for yourselves. You are not incomplete, are persons and, therefore, perfect human.
not let them think for you. To achieve this you must learn to be masters your thoughts, opinions aside they have about you, tell a deep sense of a mere whim, to live the life as a gift that you bestow, feel builders of your dreams ... Our dreams
define the depth of our liberty, its implementation, our power. A friend who works with people of your age, I once said that the animals with the following sentence: "Dreams are the food of reality." If we feed our dreams, we can not have reality, no possess we will be their slaves.
There is a law in physics that says that when you exert a force on something, it is returned to us, so when we press with a finger on a wall, we feel that if we will break your finger pressing. When we want to resolve conflict situations, using force, this also acts, and feel a proportional opposition to our effort is exhausting ... is the essence of the war wears on both sides.
How many times have you felt this struggle, with the feeling that it can be no gain ...?. Suffering from lack of understanding of the loved ones. The law - Principle of Action and Reaction - is there impidiéndoos step. But no way out, it is not necessary to be head against the laws of nature. Just do not exert any force .... So ... Do we have to give up, we have to let life handle ... - will think -.
surrender themselves, ensuring your strength, but ... to give way to your power. Look at this last word. Its meaning is attached to the permit to realize our dreams, and also has no law against it. The power is not out, comes from our heart, our heart. We only have to remove the barriers that separate him. Resides within us as a vast treasure trove waiting to be discovered. The treasure map is our ability to imagine ourselves.
Adolescence is an opportunity to find our treasure, is a very appropriate age to put test our capacity for adventure. Desaprovechéis not. Many so-called adults did not know what was lost, and decided to continue with the struggle of forces, depleted in combat ... pretending to teach you to continue your fight, your war ... Perhaps you have felt more than once that this is not your war .
The base of power is not confrontation, is the love and respect. Since the power that comes from your heart, you have no need to dispute anything to anyone. He will be the bridge between your dreams and your reality, making you feel creators of your life.
This stage of your life is full of potential and wonderful adventures, too test, but the treasure of your power will serve you for life. I admire wholeheartedly

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Trailer of "Creation." The movie about Darwin.

already runs the Web's first trailer (in English) of the film on Darwin's already talked to you in another post. Let's wait and see how it has gone.

Well, I take this post to open a break holiday. Good summer (and my readers in the Southern Hemisphere, the winter is mild you).




As one would expect, I leave a musical tarjetilla summer, the overture of the play's Dream A Midsummer Night Felix Mendelsohn. As of September!.

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The alternative school, the first step of a long walk ...

The current education system is a brake on the main goal of all true education: to liberate the potential of the individual. The essence of a true teacher is "to be like spring for the cherry." We do not have to say Cherry should be, you only need to nurture it to release its beauty and its fruit, is there not to dominate, but to remind us of the magic that dwells in every human being.
Each student, each child has his inner music. If we want to help, we must first learn to listen. We can not hear with our heart without first emptied our minds of prejudice and fear. These are responsible for all educational reforms fail one after another.
Prejudice, Einstein said, are harder to break than the atom. They dress always true, so they become invisible to reason. It was not with the logic as did the abolition of slavery, but with the eyes of the heart. In my many conversations with parents of "conflict" has always been a glass wall, on which I tried to throw paint that become visible. I have used all sorts of colors, but the most effective has been reminded of their own teens and their relations with their parents. We are planning, if we all overcome our conflicts on our children. They are rejected in an unconscious way, giving us an opportunity to overcome them.
Prejudice pushes us to give advice, sometimes even to compel, our teenagers, under the alleged authority as we do for good. Deciding what is good for our children or students prevents us many times, imagine how far they could go. No real training if the student does not actively intervene in it.
The elderly of today have not been educated well, so we use the most powerful tool of human beings: our imagination. Without it running, in the every day, any good purpose to reform the education system is doomed to failure. An open heart and an imaginative mind is essential to break down all the prejudices, invisible to our reason.
The fear that our children suffer or fail in life, born of our own fears to overcome. This fear makes overprotect our teenagers, planting in them a basic insecurity is the major conflicts. This fact is compounded when accompanied by pejorative phrases and attitudes, cracking little security they had left. This effect is reinforced by similar attitudes of teachers in the classroom.
Thus, the main problem is an attitude of educators, parents or teachers, which is why educational reforms are not sufficient in themselves, and any attempt to change collides with a large inertia. I do not think that schools change in the short or medium term, took twenty-three in a conventional school. I feel the situation is very similar to that which exists between official medicine (allopathic) that has all the pleasure of the administration, and so-called alternative medicines. Today, there is no space in schools for a radical change in education. No space can not build. So I propose to open a new space: ALTERNATIVE SCHOOL FOR TEENAGERS.
Imitating the way of some alternative medicines I propose that the students leave class once or twice a week-no-charge schedule is made to a very different school than usual. Your attendance would be mandatory at any time, parents should participate in the ideology of it.
In recent years I have seen how the uncertainty of my students has grown exponentially, resulting in an alarming rise in so-called school failure. It would seem that his intelligence decreases, but in reality I am of the view that is held hostage. Overprotection and lack of confidence that they can solve their problems have been imprisoned intelligence. The first step, then, is free. It is therefore imperative to invite you to assume their responsibilities, at the same time make them aware that they contain a great potential in it. Trusting them, nourish their self-confidence, self esteem and independence.
If we help them to "lose" their potential subjects should orbit around the self, a subject entirely absent from their classes, "normal." To explore our interior is essential to learn some relaxation technique, it would therefore be an unavoidable subject. In the reviews I see them suffer unnecessarily, by not knowing any technique that enables them to relax and think in an efficient manner. (Think in the dreaded SATs.)
emotional intelligence would be a core subject. Learn to deal with our emotions and do not fear them, is the first step to wisdom
Another important subject would feel the nature, I say study. There is much knowledge to learn from the so-called primitive peoples. Look at a tree just as a set of cells keeps us from feeling it. A holistic world idea opens the mind to a higher knowledge.
Mathematics moved outside the physical, so it is impossible to draw a circle, think about it ... -. There is a whole called Sacred Geometry in our body and throughout nature, also in many buildings, and even our identity card or credit cards. Mathematics is something magical and the way you approach has been stripped of its essence. They are made to be enjoyed, not suffered or feared. His way of teaching has led to large uncertainties. I think it used could produce the opposite: increased security and confidence, if I am able to overcome something that seemed impossible to me, my self-esteem increase. Math can be a good therapy.
An important matter would give the subjects of science, the focus of the new paradigm, allowing them to understand the vision Quantum Physics and its impact on the idea of \u200b\u200bconscience. Our teens are likely to be prepared in the new science before most of our scientists more conservative.
The New Paradigm and knowledge of natural medicines allow students to begin to take responsibility for their own health. Avoiding many medicines aggressive at a time, which better touch with your body.
It would lead to a spiritual quest, free of religious character. Being a mystery to discover the way each sees fit.
All these, and other materials, they would over the entire course school for pupils aged between fourteen and eighteen. There would be notes, because the goal is not the pursuit of a title, but the development of its potential and its connection with wisdom (the taste of life). As an improvement would rebound in the classic college classes.
If you liked this idea, dear readers, I invite you to participate. Our teens need to feel our joy and confidence in them, is light ahead.

arcoirisdan@yahoo.es

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Quantum physics and the Dance of Life

Legend has it that the creative consciousness Mother Earth's planted the seeds of various cultures, giving each one a creative flair and a place in the territory of consciousness, that delimited by a fence of ignorance, needed to do their job without interfering with the other . Let us call this limit constraint. A people
gave him the gift of love for nature. Feel so attached to it that never would build cities, their buildings would be such that when abandoned, before long, nobody could say that there had been a village. Would be one with Mother Earth. They would never think to sell their land, which considered only on deposit. The obstacle, the test should live one day would be expelled from the land that had so carefully. His heart would break.
Another gave him the knowledge of inner nature. Feel the presence of Being in its center, nothing could hide the sun outside inside. Nothing would become an inexhaustible source of creation, they were where they were. His obstacle would be that only a few could achieve "enlightenment." As the pianist in the orchestra, the maestro would play only for a large audience. Would class division, but surprisingly their teachers felt inside the unit. His heart would break. A third
I awoke a love of art. So much so that she would join would be confused with it, believing that a human being is just something material. Come to dominate so that break into other people with their inventions, forgetting that the others were creative in the part they had played. His test would also be hard, and remember his true spiritual essence, but paradoxically, the largest temples built. His heart would break. Consciousness
But they had prepared a great surprise.
had composed the "Symphony of Unity for all the peoples of Earth were playing in unison, each with its instrument -The gift received. When all were ready the magical music recomposed their hearts, and the barriers of ignorance disappear, allowing flower-recognize-the unique role of each culture. They
now the orchestra is rehearsing, and how each instrument is on your side sounds very out of tune, are expecting their director, which is nothing more than their hearts together.
not hard to imagine how three cultures are treated. This story recounts the moment of humanity, it is necessary to understand in depth the context in which born the "new scientific paradigm", territory of consciousness, which allows the full development of physics Quantum. We can not understand this part of science, centuries and, without considering the wisdom of all the peoples of the Earth. True science is not only the heritage of all, it must be the creation of all. Today, the airplane, about a shaman who teaches us wisdom, a yoga center located in the West.
The very small world we Westerners discover what was beyond our fence of ignorance. It therefore seems alien, that even makes us afraid. Plunging into the matter began to transcend it, like diving into the sea always end bottoming.
The first discoveries in quantum physics left so confused their creators, even, getting practical results, doubted his work. Some lived real changes in consciousness as Niels Bohr and David Bohm. They should hatch culture in which they were born, so that we have the outside world. The poyuelo break the egg when it is the right size and it has no food inside, then is not only a problem of growth, but also of survival. Humanity needs to break their eggs cultural, in which each village has achieved its growth, if not die asphyxiated and malnourished in a space of awareness that comes small.
experience the knowledge is necessary, feel it, integrate it into our daily lives, do part of our own dance of life. The main role of new theories is to provide a technology that makes life more comfortable. Paradoxically, we are always looking for comfort, because we feel uncomfortable with the kind of lives we lead. And instead of revising their fundamentals, which would force us to think and make commitments, we decided to put patches, as one who is propping up the house, rather than building new ones. We use a technology that most people do not understand, making it another form of dependency.
The role of new discoveries must be to open our minds and our hearts mend, broken, as legend has it, by dint colliding with our cultural boundaries. Let's say
how a quantum view of reality can give a new dimension to everyday example of eating, a magical and rational at once.
All our atoms are being exchanged with others outside our physical body through the act of eating. Our cells, play or not, are constantly renewing their atoms. Our body is like a building that continually, we are changing some bricks by others, without, surprisingly!, The structure comes to low. All dance, full of magic and mystery ...!. The quantum view of the body, beyond molecular chemistry, open our minds to a sacred vision of eating, which becomes a dance of atomic exchange with the rest of nature, reliving us the unity of all things, a materialist, not real material, we had hidden. We went, so, contact the feel of the first people of the legend, who lived in communion with nature, and turn away from the absurd idea of \u200b\u200bwanting to dominate nature, which is equivalent to enslave ourselves wanting. Let
now our imagination using the wings of "new scientific paradigm." Why constantly exchanged atoms with the outside world ...?. Why not always use, for example, the same atoms of calcium in our bones ...?. Why so obvious a question has not been done before in our medicine ...?.
According to Quantum, the vast majority of the volume of any atom is empty space. Could say that each atom is like an empty box. Does it make sense that we are constantly exchanging "empty boxes" with the rest of the planet?. Logic tells us to think that we should be depositing something in those boxes, in a constant exchange of "gifts." What are those gifts ...?. Why the need for continue to experience material life ...?. The active quantum realm, as ever, the magic and mystery of life in each of us, no need to devote our lives to science. Perhaps such "gifts" to be an exchange of awareness among all beings, living or not, in the Western sense of the word life. This leads to the question of consciousness, viewed as a higher and deeper concept of life beyond the material, in line with the gift of the second town of the legend.
The quantum view of eating does not stop here, we must mention the findings of biophysical Frit Albert Popp, which show that the atoms, through their electrons, are also a few light storage, and that eating, what we are doing is nourished by light, without which it would be impossible to start the myriad chemical reactions that sustain our cells.
So, something as ordinary as eating, need to be understood in an integrated vision of the three cultures. Our nutrition reminds us that life can not be understood as a mere sum of knowledge. Its compression is much closer to the idea of \u200b\u200ba dance of matter, light and consciousness, which harmonizes and integrates all the gifts of all cultures: THE DANCE OF LIFE.

Article posted by Carlos Gonzalez in the magazine:
"Dia de la Terra" No. 18 (September 2006)

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Women of Science from Antiquity

E ast premiered May 17 Agora Festival in Cannes, a English film directed by Alejandro Amenabar Academy Award winner to which I would label as unusual, both for its production in the style of Hollywood's historical films, for its subject, the life of Hypatia of Alexandria , one of the first women scientists in history. Honestly, I did not expect a film of its kind in the English cinema, and I look forward to its release after the summer, and meanwhile to alleviate the wait and I would write a little something and not just on the protagonist of the film (in this if played by the beautiful actress Rachel Weisz ) but on other women in antiquity were well known for his work on scientific, no easy task in a world dominated in all areas by men.

To find the first female name of the History of Science rowing we ntarnos to ancient Egypt, particularly around the year 2700 BC, to meet Merit Ptah who cultivated the medicine, something that was not unusual since this ancient empire for three centuries there were medical schools for women, specializing in the field of obstetrics. Not only has been recorded for history his name, but also a portrait of him in a necropolis near the step pyramid of Saqqara, in the Valley Kings in Egypt.

centuries before had been deposited in the tomb of Queen Sumerian Ur , Shuba (around 3500 BC [BC] ) tools of stone and bronze with they should continue their medical practices in the afterlife, which indicates clearly that had been implemented in it.

Towards 2354 BC Mesopotamia appears in the figure of Akkadian priestess and princess Enheduanna , who also has a leading position in the annals of history for being the first person to know who signed his writings. Enheduanna with other priests, he created several observatories within the temples in which they made maps of the movements of celestial bodies. Also helped create one of the first religious calendars.

also in Mesopotamia, but a millennium later (1200 BC) lived and Minister of the palace perfumer Tapputi-Belatekallim , chemical considered the first woman in history.

Back in Egypt, Aganice (around 1875 BC), a member of the court of Pharaoh Sestoris, studied planets and constellations, in order to predict future events, and his name is sometimes a woman confuncido much later, the Greek Aglaonice or Aglaonike , daughter of the King of Thessaly (Greece) , who lived on the second and fourth centuries BC and is considered as the first woman astronomer in history. Aglaonike predicted lunar eclipses, it seems that he knew the Mesopotamian studies of lunar cycles about 18 years, which gave him a supernatural aura it was " who could make the moon disappear ." We can not forget that science itself does not exist in antiquity, is closely linked with philosophy and sometimes as we saw with religious beliefs.

The major focus of ancient thought has been in ancient Greece where women stood out enough in the world of philosophy and science, despite the limited role to play which had been relegated to women, suffice it to note that figures such as Aristotle (384 - 322 BC) and Plato (427 to 327 BC) see them as human beings defective or degenerated and that even though c uriosamente Plato's mother, Perictione , is one of the great thinkers of the time he wrote in his book Wisdom On a hierarchy of sciences and was also a disciple of the famous philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras (who in turn had as a teacher at the priestess Themistocleia ). Pythagoras had a wife and disciple to Teano , thirty years his junior, who would take over the Pythagorean school after his death, and wrote on astronomy, mathematics (wrote about the golden ratio ) physics, medicine and even psychology.

Arete of Cyrene (V and IV centuries BC) was the daughter of the philosopher Aristippus and at his death succeeded him as Director of the Academy of Philosophy Cyrene ( in North Africa , now Libya). taught in Attica (Greece today ) science and philosophy, it is said that among his disciples taught over a hundred and ten philosophers and wrote over forty books. His epitaph could not be more beautiful and descriptive about her figure: " The splendor of Greece, the beauty of Helena, the virtue of Tirma, the pen of Aristippus, the soul of Socrates and language of Homer .

Also in the V century BC lived Aspasia of Miletus , courteous and peers ra sentimental Athenian politician Pericles . A organizba attended meetings and had Socrates friendship with Anaxagoras and Phidias . Aspasia was very important in their time, not only political power but by his teaching of rhetoric (Plato, Xenophon and later Cicero's praise) and philosophy, in addition to attending meetings not only men and courtesans (the term of the time is straight or hetaira ) of the time but also free women (something forbidden at the time by what he suffered persecution on charges of lewd and corrupting women, which overcame thanks to Pericles himself.)

also of Greece, in the third century BC, comes one of those beautiful stories of Science, led by the Athenian Agnodice who to circumvent the prohibition on practicing medicine women man disguised himself and went to Alexandria ( in northern Egypt ) to study medicine with the celebrated physician of Chalcedon Herophilus . Back in Greece was dedicated to women's medical practice in his disguise being such great fame that aroused envy among their colleagues was accused of abusing and corrupting the women of the city. At trial Agnodice revealed his true womanhood what he supposed the immediate sentence of death, which was saved by a good number of aristocratic women in the city threatened to die with her so it was liberated from then allowed the exercise of the profession with women and children, subsequently extended to all women free this permission.

After the decline of Greece was the splendor political, not scientific, the Roman Empire. In Rome, several women stood out in the field of medicine, the only branch of science that the Romans developed better, like Cleopatra (second century AD, not to be confused with the Egyptian empress) whose work gynecological De geneticis was used until the sixth century and Aspasia Rome (second century) who invented a new method to help birth to Breech babies come. They also stressed Philistus or Elephantis , who was a teacher and writer, and Lais , famous for method to cure malaria with menstrual blood ; both were specialists Obstetrics and we know them by their activity Pliny the Elder, who also speaks of Salpa of Lemmnos , who wrote on eye diseases, and Olympia Thebes, herbal medicine specialist, who wrote a cookbook medical special attention to diseases of women.

must also mention Antiochis , who said Galen who developed an effective medicine for rheumatism and sciatica, as well as treatments for inflammation and disease of the spleen. His popularity was such that the city government, Tlos ( in modern Turkey), allowed to erect a statue of herself. As a last name to close the list of the most important Roman medical cite a Metrodorus , who wrote about the diseases of the uterus, stomach and kidneys.

The gradual decline of Rome gave rise to new cultural centers in other parts of the Mediterranean, as Constantinople (now Istanbul, would inherit the light of the rule until the fifteenth century) and Alexandria .

in Alexandria, probably in the third century, lived Mary Jewish, one of the early alchemists, who is credited with inventing the bath as a method of heating and also invented a still and other elements related to the practice of alchemy ; contemporary yours might be Cleopatra Alchemist who also experienced the practice.

Already in the fourth century and in the same city, born Hypatia , the first scientist in the history of whose life has been well documented. Hypatia was the daughter of a sage astronomer and mathematician, Theon of Alexandria , and after traveling through Athens and Italy was established in his hometown where he taught mathematics, philosophy, astronomy and mechanics. Wrote on álgrebra and geometry, designed a water distiller, a measure of sea level and another to measure the density. Hypatia

had among its students Orestes, the Roman prefect of Egypt, Cyril estranged , Christian Patriarch of Alexandria at a time when Christianity was beginning to compete politically and religiously with paganism, represented in the city by Hypatia and the Roman governor. Cyril (which would be made holy) expelled from the city to the Jews and persecuted the followers of Neoplatonism led by Hypatia. 415 In March a mob of fanatical monks, is not known whether directly or indirectly incited by Cyril, attacked and took from his carriage, drove to ancient temple that functioned as a cathedral of Alexandria, stripped and killed, dismembered and then burned her remains. Hypatia was the name attached to other big names who died or were persecuted for their scientific training, as Giordano Bruno and Galileo, among others. Many authors consider the time of Hypatia's death as the end of Science in Antiquity, at least in the West, which fall into a deep sleep from which not wake up until the early Renaissance.

I leave you with the Agora trailer to whet your appetite.

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sober for influenza in Mexico

Currently I have no urge or time to put him a lot of work to create an informational entry on influenza Fortunately I have friends that if they have done and are on their blogs posts about the subject with a exceptional quality and simplicity, so we highly recommend you visit their blogs:

The first is the blog of Germain, who also have a good deslgose of publicly available scientific information is explained clearly and well you're getting into the brain and the genome of the virus chamba:
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The second the Blog Luis, who works at CINVESTAV and also has a very sober and realistic analysis of the situation and explains what we have in Mexico to understand this phenomena and what are our achievements:
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TRANSMIT RADIO AND TV UNAM UNAM INFLUENZA: THE RESPONSE OF SCIENCE

As an alternative to the terrible work of televised information, TVAZTECA and even CNN have been conducted on swine ripe UNAM will begin broadcasting a daily special on the topic:

TRANSMIT RADIO AND TV UNAM UNAM INFLUENZA: THE RESPONSE OF SCIENCE

* is one of the activities organized by the University Committee recently installed Care Health Emergency
* be broadcast daily, simultaneously, Radio and TV UNAM, at 19:30
* Participating physicians, virologists, epidemiologists and economists, among other scientists, who will address various areas of disease

The University Committee for Emergency Health Care, newly installed, will begin its activities today with simulcast on Radio and TV UNAM, the influenza program: answers from science.

count with the presence of leading scientists and researchers from the National University will present their views and provide information on various subjects relating to this serious health problem that affects people of Mexico.

In the daily broadcast, which will begin today Tuesday 28 at 19:30 pm, involved general practitioners, virologists, epidemiologists, bacteriologists and parasitologists, as well as experts in the social and economic, among others.

will address various areas of the flu to try to guide the population, respond to concerns raised by the audience, reported on the status of the situation and the measures to be taken.

Influenza: the responses of science, will air Monday to Sunday at 19:30 hours, UNAM Radio, 96.1 FM, and TV UNAM, the University Channel, through the channel 255, Sky, channel 411 on Cablevision digital, and more than 550 cities and towns through the various cable television systems of Mexico.

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The "spell" of Charles II: Genetics in aid of history.

I must admit that this post I am particularly pleased because it combines two of my passions, biology and history. It is not the first time that genetics comes to the aid of historical research, one must recall the investigations carried out in the 90's on remains of the Russian imperial family and culminated in very recent date, or trying to elucidate if the remains of Christopher Columbus are actually placed in the cathedral of Seville or rest in the Dominican Republic. This time it is the turn to English Habsburgs, the royal family during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries ruled the destinies of Spain ... and half the world.

A study published a few days ago, conducted by researchers at the University of Santiago de Compostela, relates to this dynasty with inbreeding caused by the large number of arranged marriages between members of the same.

Felipe I el Hermoso, Origin of the House of Austria in Spain (the name given to the Habsburgs Hispanic), along with his wife Joanna of Castile , " la Loca, daughter of the Catholic Monarchs give rise to a new royal family his arrival at the throne of Castile in 1506. Among his children was born Carlos I of Spain, that will access the new English crown in 1516 and is recognized worldwide as the Emperor Charles V to the throne of the German Empire in 1519, his descendants will reign in Spain until 1700, the year the dying Charles II "the Bewitched" without issue, leading to the War of English Succession culminating in the inauguration of the Bourbon French Famila currently prevailing.

Carlos II was dubbed haunted given the enormous amount of suffering from physical defects, had rickets, his head was abnormally large, learned to speak and walk four years to eight. He was apathetic, married twice and got no marriage desdendencia. Apparently he suffered from impotence and premature ejaculation. Blood in the urine and had sporadic episodes of diarrhea and frequent vomiting. Besides suffering edema in the feet, legs, abdomen and face. After a grueling existence died at age 39, looking like a real old man. The text of his autopsy is distressing, " the body was not even a drop of blood, the heart appears the size of a peppercorn corroded lungs, intestines rotting and gangrene, in three large kidney stones, one testicle, black as coal, and a head full of water .

Historians have liked to see in the custom of marriage consanguineous origin of the problems of Charles II. The British Hispanist John Lynch, who specializes in Hispanic Habsburg, said: " Charles II was the last, the most degenerate and most pathetic victim of Habsburg inbreeding .

Family tree of the English Habsburgs, obtained from the original article : Alvarez G, Ceballos FC, Quinteiro C (2009) The Role of Inbreeding in the Extinction of a European Royal Dynasty. PLoS ONE 4 (4): e5174. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005174

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above diagram shows how it was customary marriage between relatives, Philip II and Philip IV who married his nieces would be a good example. The data show that in the two centuries-long dynasty there were 11 marriages blood. But what are the effects of inbreeding?.

Each of us has a 50% chance of inheriting one of our parents either allele (our mother provides half of our heritage and our father the other half). A brother or sister happens we like, but if we see which is the probability that both have inherited the same allele, then the figure drops to 25%. How important is this?. Well, if we talk about disease-causing alleles, the likelihood of them among family members is greater, and if those relatives have offspring together, the likelihood increases further. The Wright's inbreeding coefficient (F) is used to analyze the degree of consanguinity of a population and is based on the probability that an individual inherits the same allele from his father and his mother from a common ancestor to both. Analyzing the family tree of more than 3ooo Habsburg family members as the scientists found the coefficient F increases over the years, and Philip I, the founder, has an F = 0.025 (2.5%), while Carlos II has a F = 0.254 (25.4%), ten times more, something greater than they would the children of a marriage between siblings.

The fact that the high rate of consanguinity of the last Habsburg king English has to do with his fragile health is supported by two recessive genetic diseases (which is only expressed when an individual inherits an allele simultaneously for the same in each of his parents, a fact that is reinforced by inbreeding) that apparently the monarch suffered. One of them was multiple pituitary hormone deficiency , which is the inability of the pituitary to produce some of your hormones: growth hormone (GH) , which is responsible for growth, the gonadotropins (FSH & LH) , which help in the development of puberty and fertility control, the Thyroid hormone (TSH), that control metabolism, the antidiuretic hormone (ADH ), which controls the amount of urine that is produced, and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), maintaining a good blood sugar in the blood. The deficit of these hormones lead to short stature, muscle weakness, apathy, impotence, infertility, and gastrointestinal problems, symptoms suffered by all the unhappy Charles II.

The other disease, distal renal tubular acidosis , is caused by excessive secretion of acid in the kidney, resulting in the loss of total body calcium, causing softening and weakening of bones, retarded growth in children, skeletal deformities and muscular weakness. There is also an increase in the presence of calcium in the kidney and kidney stones due to excessive excretion of calcium and phosphate through these organs. These symptoms would complete those presented by the bewitched king .

Authors concluded that although a very low probability that an individual present these two rare genetic diseases simultaneously, it dramatically increases with increasing inbreeding, a fact that we found in our protagonist.

In short, the marriage policy the Habsburg dynasty ended with the same due to the increase in inbreeding occurred, especially with the last of their monarchs Hispanic.

Finally, I leave a card Music Gaspar Sanz, contemporary musician Carlos II, and let me recommend a book of fiction fun and adventure set in the dramatic final months of this king, "King Bewitched " Jose Calvo Poyato .

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scientists, film and television.

Last week I went with my children to the cinema to see a children's film in which some monster players, representing a typical mad scientist, pronounced in an action scene the exclamation " by Hawking's chair! " in another of those winks that animators often have to adults in his films lately. Logically, the phrase went unnoticed for my children but after the movie tried to tell at least that was the joke and who was the protagonist. When I explained to Stephen Hawking who was remained as if they had mentioned the X-ray diffraction of DNA. British physicist trying to relate to something that was familiar to them suddenly remembered ... the Simpsons!, Indeed, Hawking appears in a couple of chapters of the yellow family, the kids automatically recognized the character I made a comment about his life and profession. Serve

anecdote to note the great importance can have among young people in particular film and audiovisual media in general when to familiarize them with something Science or scientists, at least indirectly. Hawking was not the only scientist who has gone through the Simpsons and that in their series also left other scientists, as the paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould and Nobel Laureate Dudley Herschbach Chemistry . The interest of the writers of the TV series by science (in fact two of them are mathematical and one physical, the three trained at Harvard) is illustrated by the fact that in 2007 the prestigious scientific journal Nature came to publish an article with scientists 10 times The Simpsons (translated into English here) that I recommend.


More famous soap operas that have made cameos these and other scientists (Hawking himself also appears in Futurama and Family Guy ). is another way to familiarize the public with the scientists, probably unorthodox and effective but will never agree with me more these apparitions provided they do not convey an image too distorted (or freaky would say one of our young ), which not forget that on the other hand has been very common in film and television.

In line with the above mention that it fits in the English television program currently El Hormiguero chain Four has a section where scientific experiments are striking, we can say that are more spectacular than teaching, but make so many boys and girls feel every night in front of the TV to watch and marvel at the Flipy experiments . It also contributes to the interest every week for the scientific and methodical treatment of the fictional book Gil Grissom, the star of the TV series CSI .
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Film is perhaps a more faithful even sparing has portrayed scientists, often highlighting aspects biographical scientists towards the public interest. classic films as The Story of Louis Pasteur (1935), Edison, the man (1940) or Madame Curie (1943) have given way to new films like Galileo (1975), Gorillas in fog (1988) which portrays the life of slain zoologist Dian Fossey ; The merits of Madame Curie (1997), that playfully portrays the relationship between spouses Curie and the head of his laboratory ; A Beautiful Mind (2001) which focuses on the facet schizophrenic mathematician John Forbes Nash and already mentioned in another post on this blog on Charles Darwin.

The writers want more dramatic and sensational side of life scientists before the nature of their work or their research, however worthwhile to see them to enter in a subtle way in the exciting world of scientific research.

music card As I leave a piece of the soundtrack of A Beautiful Mind, composed by James Horner.

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preimplantation genetic diagnosis saves the life of Andrew.

news has been in Spain in recent days the cure of a Seville hospital's brother's first baby medicine English. Andrew (in the picture left) was a child who suffered beta thalassemia major, a genetic disorder characterized by the production of hemoglobin defective causes enormous anemia in making patient has to be subjected to frequent blood transfusions because not only the hemoglobin carries oxygen to the cells but erythrocytes (red blood cells) that also carry a large extent destroyed, it binds to the iron absorption by the body increases with transfusions are making accumulate in the heart and liver to produce long-term serious cardiac problems. In addition, patients with this disease have a life expectancy of no more than two decades.
The cure for this disease goes through the bone marrow transplant (the factory of blood cells) in order that the patient begins to produce functional hemoglobin, however this technique has a major drawback is that the donor must be compatible with the patient, at this point should be noted that there is a huge match among siblings. There are three types of bone marrow transplantation, autologous (with bone from the patient), syngeneic (with marrow from an identical twin of the patient) and allogeneic (With bone from another person), nor to say that in thalassemia does not make sense autologous marrow transplant patient and that the absence of twins eliminates the possibility of syngeneic. The only solution is finding a donor, and in this case Andrew (the little star of seven years) had none after searching on a global base of more than eleven million donors. If a brother was born healthy stem cells were obtained from the umbilical cord could be used to regenerate diseased marrow, but ... how do you ensure the birth of a brother Free of Thalassemia?.
A technique called preimplantation diagnosis solución.En came to make the synthesis process is to obtain several embryos through in vitro fertilization . When the embryo is formed by only a few cells (6 to 10) is extracted from them to study their DNA. The extracted material is multiplied by a technique called chain reaction reaction (PCR ) and subjected to hybridization with DNA fragments containing alleles of the disease (if two fragments are equal, hybridize). If there is hybridization disease allele and therefore the embryo will result in a thalassemia fetus, however if there is not this is a healthy embryo is implanted in the mother lead to the brother whose umbilical cord stem cell collection to be implemented.
Andrew was subjected to a destruction of diseased marrow with strong chemotherapy to proceed then replaced with cells from neonatal cord. The result is a success , since 95% of circulating blood cells and their derived little new bone.

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asteroid crashes into Earth

Leo in the press that on Monday, 2 March, a giant asteroid "brushed" (Sic ) Earth. Leaving the holder informs us that at 13:44 GMT on that day the asteroid 2009 DD45 , with an estimated size between 21 and 47 meters passed at a distance of 72,000 kilometers of land area, one-fifth the distance that separates us from the moon. A relieved sigh after the last danger remember how occasionally arise in news and media and how for at least a few minutes the shirt body separates us from the chill, not in vain for 65 million years, owners of the planet, dinosaurs suffered apparently final death blow that dropped off the face of the Earth the hands of a meteorite. Besides the Hollywood cinema, with films like Deep Impact or Armageddon has scared us with the devastating effects of the fall of an asteroid on the planet.

What is truth in these apocalyptic visions?, Let's recap on the subject.

asteroids belong to category astronomical small bodies in the Solar System (2006) and are small rocky bodies (including a few meters and hundreds of kilometers) that orbit the Sun, most of which are between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. However there is a group them whose orbits are close to or intersect with our planet, are called NEAs (near Earth asteroids = near-Earth asteroids ), which concerned astronomers for the possibility of a clash between these and the surface Earth and within the PHAs (Potentially Hazardous Asteroids = potentially hazardous asteroids) that they tend to bring our orbit below 0.05 Astronomical Units (7,480,000 km) and more than 150 m. At present the NASA recognizes 1035 of these objects and their number increases every year because we must keep in mind that given its size are hard to detect, in fact was discovered in 2009 DD45 on 27 February. It is known that throughout Earth history have hit many asteroids and comets against it as the aforementioned 65 million years ago but none has been described by eyewitnesses. Astronomers have developed a scale similar to measures the magnitude of earthquakes, call us Scale Turin (Torino Scale), that 1 to 10 measures the combined effects of the probability of an asteroid collision or comet with the kinetic energy it takes (proportional to its mass and its velocity) so that gives us a measure of the dangerousness of the object and its destructive capability. NEA today no more than level 1, although one of them 9942 Apophis 2004 MN4 provisonalmente grew to a higher value (there is another scale called Palermo Scale more complex). Right now NASA aims more potential danger to the asteroid 2007 VK184 , which assigns a value of 1 for his approach to Earth in 2048 (level 1 = collision probabilities are extremely low and do not deserve much attention and concern among people) , although we must bear in mind that as I said many of the NEOs (near Earth objetcs = near-Earth objects, including the NEA [asteroids] and NEC [comets close] ) are detected at short notice to their approach, hence the uncertainty of the danger.

To make a long post I leave a interesting article on the consequences of impacts of asteroids and a fragment of the film Deep Impact (1998) to illustrate (and a card musical part of the soundtrack, by James Horner ).

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Darwin And then what?.

So far we have talked about Darwin and his bicentennial, however, "The Origin of Species" was the brilliant beginning of a long road to the Theory of Evolution. Then I leave a mini-presentation which includes a very schematic overview of the achievements that led to the emergence of the Synthetic Theory of Evolution, the most accepted scientific views of evolutionary phenomenon. In a later post will discuss the others.

After Darwin (1 ª Part)

View more presentations from mantmedina . (Tags: biology evolution )

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Two Spanish in the way of Darwin.

As already mentioned, this year will be neat in news about the English naturalist, something that has to rejoice at all that in one way or another Biology is dedicated to nothing trivial a matter, not just the year of Darwin, by extension will be the years of evolution. Hundreds or thousands of articles, books ... and blogs! We will refresh your memory and will enlighten the public on a major scientific paradigms of all time, while creationists seek to silence and unscientific that ultimately are raging on all fronts possible.

Today I bring to the blog to a couple of English scientists in a manner so direct and unknown to the general public are related to the figure of Darwin and his scientific development.

The first is the Spaniard Felipe Bauza (1764-1834), military and geographer, member of the Royal Society, the Royal Astronomical Society and the British Royal Geographical Society, buried with honors at the Abbey of Westminster, who in exile in London after being sentenced to death by the absolutist Fernando VII, was required by British Navy in 1831 to report on the mapping of South America overlooking an expedition to the area that soon would make the ship HMS Beagle, captained by Robert Fitz Roy, in which a young naturalist named travel Charles Darwin! . The captain of the Beagle mentioned in more than one occasion the help you provide the reports and maps provided Bauza.

The second fellow, he was admired and quoted many times by Charles Darwin, is Félix de Azara (1742-1821), military Huesca who was assigned to Paraguay to demarcate the borders between colonies English and Portuguese spending more than twenty years in the region, where he had time for fans and self-taught specialize in Natural History and Science discovered for more than two hundred species. Azara, very thorough in his observations led him to correct classifications Buffon, French naturalist famous. After his return to Spain in 1801 moved to Paris where he met several French naturalists, including Cuvier , the father of paleontology and zoologist Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire , and decided to publish his works, the most important which is Voyages dans l'Amérique méridionale , in French in 1809. Azara concludes that there are mechanisms that make living things adapt to the environment and the species may become extinct. Darwin quoted in his works often Azara, both the Origin of Species , as in the Journal of a Naturalist worldwide and Origin of Man. No one knows for sure, but speculates that Darwin traveled to the four volumes of the works of Azara in the Beagle. Azara also suffer the rigors of absolutism Fernanedo VII, which made him retire to his hometown where he would end his days.

The second table presents Felix de Azara painted by Goya in 1805, when he became vocal of the Board of Fortifications and Defence of India.

And how could it be unless I leave a musical contemporary of our two characters, The music Noturna delle strade di Madrid , Luigi Boccherini (1743-1805). Interestingly, this piece was used for the soundtrack of the film "Master and Commander", where the figure of a naturalist on a British warship, which is somewhat inspired by Darwin himself.

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Happy Birthday, Charles!

exactly 200 years ago today that Charles Darwin was born. To celebrate I leave a link to a special grand newspaper "El Mundo" on his life and his work.

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I leave a card Music Felix Mendelssohn, whose 200th anniversary was also met last day 3.

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controversial anatomy lessons: The plastinated cadavers.

Last Friday I visited, in an open house for teachers, the exhibition " BodyWorlds, a journey through the heart " which will open in Seville until 3 May. It outlines twenty-five plastinated bodies and organs treated with the same technique to reach two hundred. The plastination is a process of preservation of corpses invented in 1977 by the physician at the University of Heidelberg Gunther von Hagens (1945) which consists a treatment which elmininan water soluble and fat bodies using a solvent (acetone) to be replaced by a resin that hardens. The results are amazing because the bodies are perfectly preserved for study. Professor Von Hagens has plastinated human bodies and many other species, in 1993 created the IFP (Institute for Plastination ) to provide plastinated bodies for educational institutions and museums. Since 1995 several exhibitions of plastinated bodies roam the world causing the shock, the interest ... and controversy wherever they saturate.

Why the controversy?, For the use of cadavers (donated Living by their owners specifically for this) in the public exhibitions and the artistic use of these as the bodies are found naturalized in various poses (talking on the phone, playing chess, stopping a soccer ball or dancing ... flamenco with castanets and wide-brimmed hat included!). Say more populist vision or artistic contrasts with another exhibition also called Bodies ... The Exhibition "of another company which claims to be more didactic and less sensational. It also adds to the controversy the rumors of the use of donated bodies are not explicitly for this destination on this kind of exposure, Von Hagens denies something for you. Von Hagens added fuel to ethical fire last year when it announced its intention to sell some of their creations to individuals, which its lawyers are studying.

Sevilla English is the first leg of BodyWorlds while Bodies ... and was exhibited in Madrid and Barcelona. The truth is that the exhibition has a great educational interest, not fully exploited in my opinion to the detriment of artistic sophistication, so I understand that the visit is necessary but, at least in young students are concerned, accompanied by their science teachers to focus exposure adequately.

PD: Some minor errors in the presentation slides, as the claim that blood cells are formed in the spinal cord ....

Photo: El País.