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Women of Science from Antiquity

E ast premiered May 17 Agora Festival in Cannes, a English film directed by Alejandro Amenabar Academy Award winner to which I would label as unusual, both for its production in the style of Hollywood's historical films, for its subject, the life of Hypatia of Alexandria , one of the first women scientists in history. Honestly, I did not expect a film of its kind in the English cinema, and I look forward to its release after the summer, and meanwhile to alleviate the wait and I would write a little something and not just on the protagonist of the film (in this if played by the beautiful actress Rachel Weisz ) but on other women in antiquity were well known for his work on scientific, no easy task in a world dominated in all areas by men.

To find the first female name of the History of Science rowing we ntarnos to ancient Egypt, particularly around the year 2700 BC, to meet Merit Ptah who cultivated the medicine, something that was not unusual since this ancient empire for three centuries there were medical schools for women, specializing in the field of obstetrics. Not only has been recorded for history his name, but also a portrait of him in a necropolis near the step pyramid of Saqqara, in the Valley Kings in Egypt.

centuries before had been deposited in the tomb of Queen Sumerian Ur , Shuba (around 3500 BC [BC] ) tools of stone and bronze with they should continue their medical practices in the afterlife, which indicates clearly that had been implemented in it.

Towards 2354 BC Mesopotamia appears in the figure of Akkadian priestess and princess Enheduanna , who also has a leading position in the annals of history for being the first person to know who signed his writings. Enheduanna with other priests, he created several observatories within the temples in which they made maps of the movements of celestial bodies. Also helped create one of the first religious calendars.

also in Mesopotamia, but a millennium later (1200 BC) lived and Minister of the palace perfumer Tapputi-Belatekallim , chemical considered the first woman in history.

Back in Egypt, Aganice (around 1875 BC), a member of the court of Pharaoh Sestoris, studied planets and constellations, in order to predict future events, and his name is sometimes a woman confuncido much later, the Greek Aglaonice or Aglaonike , daughter of the King of Thessaly (Greece) , who lived on the second and fourth centuries BC and is considered as the first woman astronomer in history. Aglaonike predicted lunar eclipses, it seems that he knew the Mesopotamian studies of lunar cycles about 18 years, which gave him a supernatural aura it was " who could make the moon disappear ." We can not forget that science itself does not exist in antiquity, is closely linked with philosophy and sometimes as we saw with religious beliefs.

The major focus of ancient thought has been in ancient Greece where women stood out enough in the world of philosophy and science, despite the limited role to play which had been relegated to women, suffice it to note that figures such as Aristotle (384 - 322 BC) and Plato (427 to 327 BC) see them as human beings defective or degenerated and that even though c uriosamente Plato's mother, Perictione , is one of the great thinkers of the time he wrote in his book Wisdom On a hierarchy of sciences and was also a disciple of the famous philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras (who in turn had as a teacher at the priestess Themistocleia ). Pythagoras had a wife and disciple to Teano , thirty years his junior, who would take over the Pythagorean school after his death, and wrote on astronomy, mathematics (wrote about the golden ratio ) physics, medicine and even psychology.

Arete of Cyrene (V and IV centuries BC) was the daughter of the philosopher Aristippus and at his death succeeded him as Director of the Academy of Philosophy Cyrene ( in North Africa , now Libya). taught in Attica (Greece today ) science and philosophy, it is said that among his disciples taught over a hundred and ten philosophers and wrote over forty books. His epitaph could not be more beautiful and descriptive about her figure: " The splendor of Greece, the beauty of Helena, the virtue of Tirma, the pen of Aristippus, the soul of Socrates and language of Homer .

Also in the V century BC lived Aspasia of Miletus , courteous and peers ra sentimental Athenian politician Pericles . A organizba attended meetings and had Socrates friendship with Anaxagoras and Phidias . Aspasia was very important in their time, not only political power but by his teaching of rhetoric (Plato, Xenophon and later Cicero's praise) and philosophy, in addition to attending meetings not only men and courtesans (the term of the time is straight or hetaira ) of the time but also free women (something forbidden at the time by what he suffered persecution on charges of lewd and corrupting women, which overcame thanks to Pericles himself.)

also of Greece, in the third century BC, comes one of those beautiful stories of Science, led by the Athenian Agnodice who to circumvent the prohibition on practicing medicine women man disguised himself and went to Alexandria ( in northern Egypt ) to study medicine with the celebrated physician of Chalcedon Herophilus . Back in Greece was dedicated to women's medical practice in his disguise being such great fame that aroused envy among their colleagues was accused of abusing and corrupting the women of the city. At trial Agnodice revealed his true womanhood what he supposed the immediate sentence of death, which was saved by a good number of aristocratic women in the city threatened to die with her so it was liberated from then allowed the exercise of the profession with women and children, subsequently extended to all women free this permission.

After the decline of Greece was the splendor political, not scientific, the Roman Empire. In Rome, several women stood out in the field of medicine, the only branch of science that the Romans developed better, like Cleopatra (second century AD, not to be confused with the Egyptian empress) whose work gynecological De geneticis was used until the sixth century and Aspasia Rome (second century) who invented a new method to help birth to Breech babies come. They also stressed Philistus or Elephantis , who was a teacher and writer, and Lais , famous for method to cure malaria with menstrual blood ; both were specialists Obstetrics and we know them by their activity Pliny the Elder, who also speaks of Salpa of Lemmnos , who wrote on eye diseases, and Olympia Thebes, herbal medicine specialist, who wrote a cookbook medical special attention to diseases of women.

must also mention Antiochis , who said Galen who developed an effective medicine for rheumatism and sciatica, as well as treatments for inflammation and disease of the spleen. His popularity was such that the city government, Tlos ( in modern Turkey), allowed to erect a statue of herself. As a last name to close the list of the most important Roman medical cite a Metrodorus , who wrote about the diseases of the uterus, stomach and kidneys.

The gradual decline of Rome gave rise to new cultural centers in other parts of the Mediterranean, as Constantinople (now Istanbul, would inherit the light of the rule until the fifteenth century) and Alexandria .

in Alexandria, probably in the third century, lived Mary Jewish, one of the early alchemists, who is credited with inventing the bath as a method of heating and also invented a still and other elements related to the practice of alchemy ; contemporary yours might be Cleopatra Alchemist who also experienced the practice.

Already in the fourth century and in the same city, born Hypatia , the first scientist in the history of whose life has been well documented. Hypatia was the daughter of a sage astronomer and mathematician, Theon of Alexandria , and after traveling through Athens and Italy was established in his hometown where he taught mathematics, philosophy, astronomy and mechanics. Wrote on álgrebra and geometry, designed a water distiller, a measure of sea level and another to measure the density. Hypatia

had among its students Orestes, the Roman prefect of Egypt, Cyril estranged , Christian Patriarch of Alexandria at a time when Christianity was beginning to compete politically and religiously with paganism, represented in the city by Hypatia and the Roman governor. Cyril (which would be made holy) expelled from the city to the Jews and persecuted the followers of Neoplatonism led by Hypatia. 415 In March a mob of fanatical monks, is not known whether directly or indirectly incited by Cyril, attacked and took from his carriage, drove to ancient temple that functioned as a cathedral of Alexandria, stripped and killed, dismembered and then burned her remains. Hypatia was the name attached to other big names who died or were persecuted for their scientific training, as Giordano Bruno and Galileo, among others. Many authors consider the time of Hypatia's death as the end of Science in Antiquity, at least in the West, which fall into a deep sleep from which not wake up until the early Renaissance.

I leave you with the Agora trailer to whet your appetite.